The oldest known wells,qanats, are handdug horizontal shafts extending into the mountains of the old persian empire in presentday iran. Hb555 122 3550 and hb550 chapter 5, for additional information regarding rural area designations. A long search for causes led us to suspect construction standards. It is prohibited to construct dug wells out of sewer pipe, corrugated plastic or cinderblocks. Traditional wells are a construction made by local populations with the means that they have at their disposal, sometimes with the help of professional welldiggers. This study aims to examine the quality and quantity of the groundwater resources from handdug wells, within two of these slumsanoumabo marcory and adjouffou portbouet, both located in the southern part of the city. Rapid population growth due to urbanization which impinges the environment in most towns and cities in nigeria, deteriorate the quality of water resources.
Additional guidelines place fill material pea gravel, impervious clay material, or limestone chips from the bottom of the well to 20 feet below the point where the casing is to be removed. Since adoption of the 1996 water well code, construction of ipt wells ha s been. Twentyeight representative groundwater samples were collected from different domestic wells within the study area. Choice of technology and construction manual, by stephen p. Karl wehrle, franz gahwiler and erich baumann from skat. The following links will open the structural drawings in pdf acrobat format.
These are large diameter, relatively shallow, handdug wells, usually lined with rock or brick. Submersibles are available up to 10 inch in diameter and motor sizes up to 100 hp. The deepest hand dug well we could find is the 1285 ft. Database dictionary for ethiopian national groundwater database engda data fields. This was achieved through a disk diffusion technique to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of the said bacteria, microbial resistance index of the drugs. This manual concentrates on the construction and maintenance of handdug wells with a diameter of. If the well has an electrical pump, turn off all electricity and clear debris from around the. Influence of anthropogenic activities of groundwater from. Drilled wells wells constructed with a variety of rotary and percussive mechanisms, usually power driven. Advice for hand dug water wells how to construct a dug well and how to use a dug well as a source of drinking water. These wells are dug by hand using very old methods, without concrete spouts, with walls only supported with wood or. Hand digging a well is very dangerous due to the high potential for caveins and lack of oxygen.
Typical dug wells are 3 to 6 feet in diameter and 15 to 50 feet deep see figure 2. In an aquifer with low permeability, a large diameter hand dug wells may produce more water than a borehole in the same aquifer. As of june 2017, 68% of villages with endemic dracunculiasis had safe water i. Pdf abstract the quality analysis of well water from five handdug wells was carried out.
There are three types of wells commonly used in maine, drilled bedrock wells, drilled overburden wells, and dug wellssprings. Wells shall have operational pumps installed at the time of evaluation. In dug wells, the shaft is of sufficient size to enable sinkers to descend and work below ground. Shallow wells shallow wells and boreholes usually have a depth of less than 30 m, although they can be as much as 60 m deep, especially in very dry areas of ethiopia where the water table is low. Hb555 126 the appraiser will determine the appropriate appraisal form for the subject property. Trenches prior to 1986 one cleanout per trench, located at the. Determination of physicochemical properties and metal concentrations of hand dug wells around a dumpsite in akure, ondo state, nigeria akinnusotu a, abulude f. All proposed irrigation wells must be located on lots with a minimum lot size of. They range from handdug, shallow wells to carefully designed large production wells drilled to great depths. This document contains information on construction features of dug wells. Historically, dug wells were excavated by hand shovel to below the water table until incoming water.
Because of the type of construction, bored wells can go deeper beneath the water table than can handdug wells. Reports filed with the state are available from the division of water supply, 401 church street. Handdug wells within the study area are primarily handdug wells are typically used for water needs such as cooking, laundry, and bathing. Journal of applied sciences and environmental management. Study session 3 water sources and their characteristics. Water wells are dug, driven, bored, or drilled into the saturated zone of waterbearing formations aquifers to extract groundwater for drinking and irrigation barrocu 2014.
Program should have a copy of your well log on file if drilled since 1967. The pdf file you selected should load here if your web browser has a pdf reader plugin installed for example, a recent version of adobe acrobat reader if you would like more information about how to print, save, and work with pdfs, highwire press provides a helpful frequently asked questions about pdfs alternatively, you can download the pdf file directly to your computer, from where it. Ten groundwater samples were collected during march and august 20 at ten different locations from hand dug wells around the dumpsite figure 2. However, because they are dug by hand, their use is restricted to suitable types of ground such as clays, sands, gravels and mixed soils where only small boulders are encountered.
Domestic sewage disposal and quality of water from hand. These type of tube wells are especially suitable where plenty of. A bricklined well is a handdug water well whose walls are lined with bricks, sometimes called dutch bricks if they are trapezoidal or made on site. The assessment team have found that there are no protected dug wells in 22 villages. Historically, a dug well was excavated below the groundwater. The depth depends on depth to water, and size can vary from 2 feet in. If the ground is soft and the water table is shallow,then dug wells can work. Addressed in the chapter on drilled wells are drilling and casing techniques. It was covered with a cap of wood, stone, or concrete. Dug wells constructed of 6inch schedule 40 pvc are getting more. Hand dug wells are actually a surface water drain rather than an actual ground water draw and are extremely susceptible to contamination. Hand dug wells and their construction is a definitive work providing stepbystep guidance in the techniques of digging and constructing a well, including the. Disinfection of bored or dug wells after an emergency.
Drilled, hand dug wells and cisterns are a safety threat to people or animals. This hand dug well procedure article describes the process of digging a well to provide usable water and the steps taken to make the well safe and sanitary. Dug well design wells constructed by excavation dug wells, or wells installed by excavation, can be a viable source of water when installed and maintained. Progress toward global eradication of dracunculiasis. More commonly hand dug water wells range from about fifteen feet 3 meters in depth. Appendixes to the manual include conversion factors and tables as well as discussions of the use of vegetation as an index of ground water, the uses of dynamite in handdug wells, cement, leveling and plumbing a mold, pipe, pumps, water treatment in wells, and rope strength. As many as two million water wells tap californias groundwater, with approximately 7,000 to 15,000 new wells constructed each year. This technical note sets out the actions needed to repair and rehabilitate a handdug well so that it can be returned to its. Pdf this study focused upon the determination of physicochemical and microbial properties, including metals, selected anions and coliform bacteria in.
International symposium oh2 dorigins and history of hydrologye, dijon, may, 9 11, 2001. Saif water wells has hundreds of laboratory reports on file showing bacteria in hand dug and bored water table wells. A list was presented to robert royall of royall pump and well company in powhatan of the construction problems which we felt were entry ways for bacteria. The shaft is the first component to be constructed, either by hand dug wells or by machine boreholes, tube wells. The traditional method of obtaining groundwater in rural areas of the developing world, and still the most common, is by means of hand. Turbines are often used for total dynamic heads exceeding 450 ft. The plastic must be schedule 40 thickness or greater and be approved for drinking water purposes. Groundwater assessment of hand dug wells around open. Wells can be excavated by hand if the soil is not too hard or the water table is high. Monitoring wells for groundwater levels and groundwater. The groundwater can become polluted by surface water runoff from oil or fuel leaking from vehicles and equipment, fertilizers and pesticides or animal waste. Turbine and submersible pumps are used when pumping from wells with a static water level below 15 ft. These samples were subjected to physical, chemical and.
Of the three types, drilled bedrock wells are by far the most common source of drinking water for maine homes. Bored and dug wells can be difficult to disinfect because the shallow depth and inadequate protection from flood water can allow contaminants to reenter the well. Dug wells are required to be made out of interlocking concrete tiles 3 or 2 feet in diameter, steel, or plastic typically 46inches in diameter. Minimum standards for construction and maintenance of wells. Wddwgb14 dug well design wells constructed by excavation.
The woodingdean water well, handdug between 1858 and 1862, is the deepest handdug well at 392 metres 1,285 ft. Dug wells dug wells are holes in the ground dug by shovel or backhoe. These forms are available for download in adobe acrobat. Hand dug wells will not be approved, regardless of their construction. Hacking at the ground with a pick and shovel is one way to dig a well. Temephos use is limited by the extremely large lagoons used. Usgs open file report 20071099 to view the pdf document, you need the adobe reader installed on your computer. Drilled wells may have diameters as little as 5 cm, or as large as 90 cm, but are more commonly between 10 and 30 cm. Drinking water wells and other types of wells that are no longer in use can pose safety hazards, especially to small children and pets.
Domestic sewage disposal and quality of water from hand dug wells in ughelli, nigeria. Pdf assessment of the quality of water from handdug wells in. Wellswell sites within 200 feet downgrade of the property boundary and septic systemsareas within 200 feet upgrade of the. Historically, a dug well was excavated below the groundwater table until incoming water exceeded the diggers bailing rate. Water wells 644kb pdf file, 4 pgs all about pdf files. The pdf file you selected should load here if your web browser has a pdf reader plugin installed. How to construct hand dug water wells detailed description of how a hand dug well is constructed, used, made safe, sanitary, case study of providing sanitary water from a hand dug well in mexico, how to choose a well location and digging or drilling method, suspending well digging in wet weather risk of dug well collapse, how to decide when the well is deep enough to give enough water. Water taken from handdug wells is often of poor quality, mainly due to. Follow these steps to disinfect bored or dug wells. In the upper 20 feet of the well, place the sealing materialbentonite approved for waterwell sealing, clean clay, or. We include both technical advice and a description of the practical problems that one must encounter and overcome in providing usable water in an area where public water supply is absent or limited. Dug and bored wells have a large diameter and expose a large area to the aquifer.
The other steps to take depend on the type of well being sealed. Alabama department of environmental management water division water well standards program division 3359 1400 coliseum boulevard. A good manual by the practica foundation on rope pumps for hand dug wells and boreholes. This allows collection of rock samples cuttings whose analysis will provide clues to the nature and characteristics of the aquifer. The distance of the handdug wells to the landfill, depth of the well and depth to static water level for both seasons were shown in table 1. In this study, bacteria of the enterobacteriaceae family and some gram positive bacteria isolated from some boreholes and hand dug wells water of public use were tested on 19 antibiotics of different classes. Other manually made wells are constructed from the surface, from which a tube is drilled, jetted, driven or otherwise forced downward until the aquifer is reached, and pumps are fitted to the upper end of the tube tube well. Technical guidelines for the construction and maintenance of hand. Construction of hand dug wells can be dangerous due to collapse of the well bore, falling objects and asphyxiation, including from dewatering pump exhaust fumes. The technique is ancient, but is still appropriate in developing countries where labor costs are low and material costs are high.
Acknowledgments for advice and assistance, technical or otherwise, in the completion of this manual, i would like to thank the following. Dug wells are holes in the ground dug by shovel or backhoe. Consequently, there is a transfer of resistance genes. If you need to obtain a copy of this program it is available as a free download for windows or macintosh operating systems. Some wells are used for purposes other than obtaining ground water. Excavate to depth of irst precast concrete ring and to diameter of approximately 1. A production well is defined as any well used for water supply and includes handdug wells.
The well was then lined cased with stones, brick, tile, or other material to prevent collapse. Hand dug wells and their construction development bookshelf. Alabama shall file, on or before september 30 of each year, an application for a. In addition, water samples were collected from the. Antimicrobial resistance profile of bacteria isolated from. A well or cistern that is no longer used for clean water supply or storage. Dupont 1942, blasters handbook, a manual describing explosives and practical.