Intro to linguistics basic concepts of linguistics. Authored by an outstanding collection of leading theorists and researchers from a range of disciplines, this book details the inadequacies of classical logic in its handling of ordinary language and reveals the prospects for applying a synthesis of logic and psychology to cognitive psychology, linguistics, and the philosophy of language. Geocal06 is supported by the following institutions. Logic in linguistics is a very detailed book about the use of logic signs and on the theme logic in itself. Natural languages have words for all the operators of firstorder logic, modal logic, and many logics that have yet to be invented. This workshop is part of geometry of computation 2006, a special series of events in theoretical computer science organized by the geocal group and taking place at the cirm from january 30 to march 3. They also have words and phrases for everything that anyone has ever discovered, assumed, or imagined.
The formal patterns of correct reasoning can all be conveyed through ordinary language, but then so can a lot of other things. Download it once and read it on your kindle device, pc, phones or tablets. Pdf logic and linguistics in the twentieth century researchgate. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. Linguistics and natural logic 153 forms would be independent of the rules assigning those sentences grammatical structures, though the rules assigning logical form might or might not depend on the grammatical structures assigned by rules of grammar. Foundations of logic and linguistics full description. Part i linguistics, logic and phil osophy of language part part iii i a glance at the historical develop ment of the relationship between theory of knowledge and rhetoric in regard to the problem of determination 2 i 2 metaphysical realism and logical empiricism. For instance, the intension of ship as a substantive is vehicle for. With this need in mind the authors offer a clear, succinct and basic introduction to set theory, inference, propositional and predicate logic, deduction, modal and intensional logic, and various concomitant extensions of these.
The role of logic and ontology in language and reasoning. This concept and term is used in some theories of syntax and grammar in particular those in the chomskyan vein. Higherorder logic as a simply typed lambdacalculus with logical constants. This book will take linguistics students beyond the classical logic used in introductory courses into the variety of nonstandard logics that are commonly used. In logic, the semantics of logic is the study of the semantics, or interpretations, of formal and idealizations of natural languages usually trying to capture the pretheoretic notion of entailment overview. It is not within the scope of the book to judge which of the following sentences is the more correct. Methods developed within formal logic to study the semantics of artificial languages have been fruitfully 1 for a brie f account o structural linguistics, see davies 1973. Introduction propositional logic is the logical language of propositions. Logic and generative linguistics have partly been divided by the inherently cognitive. The role of logic and ontology in language and reasoning john f. Logical representations of sentence meaning stanford university.
We take as given that we want to study the semantics of some natural language. Logic and language lola is a broad research programme in logic and the philosophy of language, at the boundaries with linguistics and cognitive science. Inchapter 4we develop rst the usual semantics for quanti cational logic. Topics will include validity and soundness of arguments, formal derivations, truthfunctions, translations to and from a formal language, and truthtables. This course will explore some ways in which logic is used in linguistics, particularly, in semantics. Home institute for logic, language and computation. We then add a brief introduction to model theory, and a discussion of several forms of the l owenheimskolem theorem. Logic in linguistics cambridge textbooks in linguistics kindle edition by allwood, jens, allwood, jens, andersson, larsgunnar, dahl, osten. Mit opencourseware makes the materials used in the teaching of almost all of mits subjects available on the web, free of charge. Intension and extension, in logic, correlative words that indicate the reference of a term or concept. In this course we will cover central aspects of modern formal logic, beginning with an explanation of what constitutes good reasoning. The syntax of predicate logic lx 502 semantics i october 11, 2008 1.
In linguistics, language signs are constituted of four di. Intro to linguistics basic concepts of linguistics jirka hana october 2, 2011 overview of topics language and languages speech vs. Logic in linguistics by jens allwood, larsgunnar andersson, and. Prescriptive grammar and its parts arbitrariness conventionality 1language language is a system that associates sounds or gestures with meanings in a way that uses. Concepts and theories developed within formal logic for the study of artificial languages have for some time been fruitfully applied to the study of natural languages and some knowledge of them is necessary for students of linguists especially semantics. Speech sounds as physical entities may be infinitely varied, but when they function as. Logic in linguistics jens allwood, gunnargunnar andersson. An argument commits a fallacy when the reasons offered do not, in fact, support the conclusion.
Proceedings of the 1960 international congress, edited by nagel, suppes, and tarski, 52850. The text for the course is a manuscript written by the faculty member, entitled logic. Pdf a modal logic is developed to deal with finite ordered binary trees a they are used in computational linguistics. Its not a great book for making an overview about the subject however its wonderful when you want to go further into subject. Lecture notes logic i linguistics and philosophy mit. Cambridge core ethics logic in linguistics edited by jens allwood. The paths of logic and linguistics, long divergent, were reunited in 1957. In linguistic semantics, logic is used to formalize, or interpret, an object language. It combines different approaches to context into a unified narrative, and offers contributions written by leading researchers. Since atomic propositions are the smallest elements of the system, simple sentences are the smallest parts of the. The publication in that year of chomskys syntactic structures ushered in a new and exciting era in linguistics. Evidence is presented to show that the role of a generative grammar of a natural language is not merely to generate the grammatical sentences of that language, but also to relate them to their logical forms. Two forms of regressive exploitation of the sciences by idealism 41. Since atomic propositions are the smallest elements of the system.
Concepts and theories developed within formal logic for the study of artificial. The purely logical grammar is the set of a priori laws common to all languages. Topics were covered in the order in which they are presented. The interaction between logic and linguistics on the nature of universal. There is a discussion too of the relation between linguistics and logical analysis and between logic and natural language. More than half of this chapter is devoted to standard material. The semantics of logic refers to the approaches that logicians have introduced to understand and determine that part of meaning in which they are interested. Applications of modal logic in linguistics 3 other side, the application of logic in syntax has led to more applications of sophisticated metaresults, for example proof theoretical results like cutelimination or normalization in categorial grammar.
The architecture of context and contextsensitivity. Logical form abbreviated lf, conventionally spelled with capital letters of an utterance or linguistic expression is its mental representation derived solely from surface structure. The notion of logical form is to be made sense of in terms a natural logic, a logical for natural language, whose goals are to express all concepts capable of being. The truth conditions of various sentences we may encounter in arguments will depend upon their meaning, and so logicians cannot completely avoid the need to provide some treatment of. Natural logic holds that different languages are essentially parallel methods for expressing this oneandthesame rationale of thought and, hence, differ really in but minor ways which may seem important only because they. Counterfactuals, neighborhood semantics, probability, predicative necessity, etc. An elementary introduction to formal logic, particularly intend. Below the sentencelevel in propositional logic, atomic propositions correspond to simple sentences in the object language.
Logic i linguistics and philosophy mit opencourseware. With more than 2,200 courses available, ocw is delivering on the promise of open sharing of knowledge. The 2nd statement qis a compound proposition thats truth depends upon the value of the two atomic propositions. Propositional logic is a formal mathematical system for reasoning about such statements. The authors see increasing scope for cooperation between logicians and linguistics in studying the structure of language, and it is the overall aim of the book to promote this cooperation. An elementary introduction to formal logic, particularly intended for linguists and others interested in languages. After working through the material in this book, a student should be able to understand most quantified expressions that arise in their philosophical reading.
We are going to use pl because it is unambiguous and fully determined. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading logic in linguistics cambridge textbooks in linguistics. Logic and linguistics marseille luminy february 17, 2006. Logic and linguistics i that logic is relevant to semantics seems clear since semantics is at least in part logical i the main message of the course is that much syntax is also logical i but for this we need logic tuned to physical resources rather than to mental propositions i. An introduction to formal logic open textbook library. Foundations of logic and linguistics can expand the words and meanings of symbols that are often seen daily. Plato, argumentation argument counterargument founder of logic.
This edited volume addresses foundational issues of contextdependence and indexicality, which are at the center of the current debate in philosophy of language. Pdf logic and linguistics in the twentieth century. They also have words and phrases for everything that. We will thoroughly cover sentential calculus and predicate logic, including soundness and completeness. We investigate human reasoning and the interpretation of language, and view interpretation as a dynamic, cognitive process that is embedded in both social practices and the external environment. Lecture notes modal logic linguistics and philosophy. But our meaning representations itself cannot be ambiguous.